Modeling Layer

Classes like carthage.Network and carthage.machine.AbstractMachineModel provide an abstract interface to infrastructure resources.

The modeling layer provides a generally declarative interface for defining and configuring such models. The modeling layer provides a domain-specific language for describing models. Python metaclasses are used to modify Python’s behavior in a number of ways to provide a more concise language for describing models.

A Simple Model

A simple modeling layout to define a machine

# Copyright (C) 2021, Hadron Industries, Inc.
# Carthage is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3

from carthage.modeling import *

class layout(CarthageLayout):

    layout_name = "example_1"

    class foo(MachineModel):

        name = "foo.com"

        

With such a model, one might instantiate the layout by applying an injector:

layout_instance = injector(layout)

The layout class is an instance of CarthageLayout which is a kind of InjectableModelType. By default each assignment of a type in the class body of a InjectableModelType is turned into a runtime instantiation. This means that while layout.foo is a class (or actually a class property), layout_instance.foo is an injector_access. The first time layout_instance.foo is accessed, layout_instance.injector is used to instantiate it. Thereafter, layout_instance.foo is an instance of layout.foo.

The Modeling Language

Modeling classes are divided into several types (metaclasses). Names that include the word modeling are internal. Users may need to know about their attributes, but these classes should only be used in extending the modeling layer. Classes containing model in their name are directly usable in layouts. This section describes the behavior of the modeling types that make up the modeling language.

Model classes sometimes involve a new construct called a modelmethod. Unlike other types of methods, modelmethods are available in the class body. For example, add_provider can be used to indicate that on class instantiation, some object should be added to an InjectableModel‘s injector:

class foo(InjectableModel):
    add_provider(InjectionKey("baz"), Network)

class ModelingBase

class ModelingBaseType

All modeling classes derive their type from ModelingBase and have the following behaviors:

• Unlike normal Python, an inner class can access the attributes of an outer class while the class body is being defined:

  class foo(metaclass  = ModelingBase):
      attr = 32
      b = attr+1
      class bar(metaclass = ModelingBase):
          a = b+1
          attr = 64
  

  In the above example, while the body of bar is being defined, attr and b are available.

  However, only variables that are actually set in a class body survive into the actual class. So in the above example, foo.bar.a and foo.bar.attr are set in the resulting class. While it was used in the class body, foo.bar.b will raise AttributeError. If an attribute should be copied into an inner class, the following will work:

  class outer(metaclass = ModelingBase):
      outer_attr = []
      class inner(metaclass = ModelingBase):
          outer_attr = outer_attr
  

• ModelingBases support the modeling decorators.

• The dynamic_name() decorator can be used to change the name under which an assignment is stored. This permits programatic creation of several classes in a loop:

  class example(metaclass = ModelingBase):
  
      # create a machine for each user
      for u in users:
          @dynamic_name(f'{u}_workstation')
          class workstation(MachineModel): # ...
      del u #to avoid polluting class namespace Now we have
      #several workstation inner classes, named based on the
      #argument to dynamic_name rather than each being called
      #workstation.
  

  The dynamic_name decorator is particularly useful with injectors where it can be used to build up a set of machines that can be selected using Injector.filter_instantiate().

class InjectableModel

class InjectableModelType

InjectableModel represents an Injectable. InjectableModels have the following attributes:

• InjectableModels automatically have an Injector injected and made available as the injector attribute.

• By default, any attribute assigned a value in the body of the class is also added as a provider to the injector in the class using the attribute name as a key. That is:

  class foo(InjectableModel):
      attr = "This String"
  
  foo_instance = injector(foo)
  assert foo_instance.injector.get_instance(InjectionKey("attr")) == foo_instance.attr == foo.attr
  

  This makes it very convenient to refer to networks and to construct instances that need to be constructed in an asynchronous context. Ideally there would be a decorator to turn this behavior off for a particular assignment, but currently there is not.

• By default, any attribute in the class body assigned a value that is a type (or that has a transclusion key) will be transformed into an injector_access(). When accessed through the class, the injector_access will act as a class property returning the value originally assigned to the attribute. That is, class access generally works as if no transformation had taken place. However, when accessed as an instance property, the get_instance method on the Injector will be used to instantiate the class. See the first example for an example. If this transformation is not desired use the no_instantiate() decorator.

• Certain classes such as carthage.network.NetworkConfig will automatically be added to an injector if they are assigned to an attribute in the class body.

• The provides() and globally_unique_key() decorators can be used to add additional InjectionKeys by which a value can be known.

• The allow_multiple() and no_close() decorators can modify how a value is added to the injector.

Decorators are designed to be applied to classes or functions. If modeling decorators need to be applied to other values the following syntax can be used:

external_object = no_close()(object)
val_with_extra_keys = provides(InjectionKey("an_extra_key"))(val)

The dynamic_name() decorator is powerful when used with InjectableModel. As an example, a collection of machines can be created:

class machine_enclave(Enclave):

    domain = "example.com"
    for i in range(1,5):
        @dynamic_name(f'server_{i}')
        @globally_unique_key(InjectionKey(MachineModel, host = f'server-{i}.{domain}'))
        class machine(MachineModel):
            name = f"server-{i}"

Note that the call to globally_unique_key() is included only for illustrative purposes. The our_key() method of MachineModel accomplishes the same goal.

With a layout like the above, machine models are available as machine_enclave.server_1. But once the layout is instantiated, the injector can also be used:

machines = injector(machine_enclave)
machines.injector.get_instance("server_1")
#also available with the global key
machines.injector.get_instance(InjectionKey(MachineModel, host = "server-1.example.com"))
#Or available all at once:
all_machines = machines.injector.filter_instantiate(MachineModel, ['host'], stop_at = machines.injector)

add_provider(key: InjectionKey, value, **options)

Adds key to the set of keys that will be registered with an instance’s injector when the model is instantiated. Eventually, in class initialization, code similar to the following will be called:

self.injector.add_provider(key, value, **options)

class ModelContainer

class ModelingContainer

InjectableModel provides downward propagation. That is, names defined in outer classes are available at class definition time in inner classes. Since injector_access() is used to instantiate inner classes, this means that the parent injector for the inner class is the outer class. Thus, attributes and provided dependencies made available in the outer class are available in the inner class at runtime through the injector hierarchy.

Sometimes upward propagation is desired. Consider the following example:

# Copyright (C) 2021, Hadron Industries, Inc.
# Carthage is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3

from carthage import *
from carthage.modeling import *

class layout(CarthageLayout):

    class it_com(Enclave):

        domain = "it.com"

        class server(MachineModel): pass

    class bank_com(Enclave):

        domain = "bank.com"

        class server(MachineModel): pass

        

In this example machines can be accessed as layout.bank_com.server and layout.it_com.server. Once instantiated, the following injector access also works:

l = injector(layout)
l.bank_com.injector.get_instance(InjectionKey(MachineModel, host = "server.bank.com"))
l.it_com.injector.get_instance(InjectionKey(MachineModel, host = "server.it.com"))

But you might want to look at machines without knowing where they are defined in the hierarchy:

l.injector.get_instance(InjectionKey(MachineModel, host = "server.it.com"))
# Or all the machines in the entire layout
l.injector.filter(MachineModel, ['host'], stop_at = l.injector)

Modeling containers provide upward propagation so these calls work:

entries registered in l.it_com.injector are propagated so they are available in l.injector. That’s the opposite direction of how injectors normally work. Upward propagation is only at model definition time; the set of items to be propagated are collected statically as the class is defined. Items added to injectors at runtime are not automatically propagated up.

For upward propagation to work, containers must provide dependencies for some InjectionKey, and that key must have some constraints associated with it. For example, Enclave‘s our_key method provides InjectionKey(Enclave, domain = self.domain). If keys with constraints are marked with propagate_key(), then those are used. If not, then all keys with constraints are used.

When one container is added to another, all the container propagations in the inner container are propagated to the outer container as follows:

• If the propagation has a globally_unique_key(), then that key is registered unmodified in the outer container.

• If there is no globally unique key, then the constraints of the propagation’s key are merged with the constraints of the key under which the inner container is registered with the outer container. Consider an inner container InjectionKey(Enclave, domain="it.com") and a propagation of InjectionKey(Network, role = "site"). Within the inner container, the network can be accessed using InjectionKey(Network, role = "site"). After the constraints are merged, the network can be accessed in the outer container as InjectionKey(Network, role = "site", domain = "it.com").

The injector_xref() facility is used so that instantiating the key in the outer container both instantiates the inner container and the object within it.

Only the following objects are considered for propagation:

• Any ModelContainer including MachineModel, NetworkModel, ModelGroup, ModelContainer, and Enclave is propagated.

• The propagate_key() decorator can be used to request propagation for other objects.